Software Listing of Author : "Epina Gmbh"

Atomic spectra may be used to quantitatively determine more than 70 chemical elements. In order to be able to detect the atomic spectrum, the atoms or ions have to be separated from one another, i.e. the atoms have to be in a gaseous state. This can be achieved by massively heating the substances to be determined (typically the temperature is several thousand degrees). When the gas heats up, it emits light of various characteristic wavelengths. For hydrogen the resulting spectrum obeys a very simple relation:

Apart from chemical analysis atomic spectroscopy is of considerable importance for the investigation of stars, looking for elemental compositions which could enable life in some form. The interest in atomic emission and absorption lines can be traced back to the late 18th and the early 19th Century when Fraunhofer...

  • Platform: WinOther

The emission of radiation of a non-reflecting ideal black surface is defined by Planck's radiation law. It states that the emitted radiation power increases with increasing temperature and that the maximum of the radiated spectrum is shifted towards shorter wavelengths with rising temperature. The location (wavelength) of the maximum is described by Wien's displacement law which states that there is an inverse relationship between the temperature of a blackbody and the wavelength of the peak emission.

You can immediately see this effect when comparing the light of two electric light bulbs of 50 W power each with the light of a single 100 W bulb. Though both settings require the same electric power, the single 100 W bulb emits brighter light than the two 50 W bulbs (because the temperature of 100 W filament is higher than...

  • Platform: WinOther
  • DataLab
  • License: Shareware
  • Price:

DataLab is a simple to use statistics package that offers a mixture of visualization methods, data editing capabilities, statistical and mathematical procedures.

DataLab has been developed as a small but powerful tool for data manipulation and interpretation. The methods implemented in this package have been selected from a practitioners view.

  • Platform: WinOther

Distance, time and velocity are an ideal means to understand the concept of derivation. By reducing the time interval until it becomes zero, the average velocity approaches the instantaneos velocity, which is equal to the first derivative of the distance (with respect to time).

This simulation allows to experiment with different time-distance diagrams. The user may learn the concept of the first derivative by using this application.

  • Platform: WinOther

Bookshelf is a compact program that allows you to access an electronic library that contains various books. The library contains both scanned paper based books and newer works.

One of the outstanding features of Bookshelf is the possibility to access both types of books in almost the same manner - scanned books can be provided with links to other pages, offer searchability of the full text and are supported by table of contents and indexes. This way "old" scanned books become as flexible as Web pages.

  • Platform: WinOther

Fourier synthesis is nothing else than the summation of cosine and sine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes. For a signal of infinite duration, the Fourier spectrum is discrete and reduces to the summation of harmonics. The values of the coefficients are usually displayed as a line spectrum, where each line indicates the size of a particular coefficient.

The program Fourier Synthesis allows to adjust the first seven coefficients of the Fourier series (both for the cosine and the sine terms). In addition, a few predefined wave forms can be selected.

  • Platform: WinOther

Measures of location are a common and simple means to describe the location of a distribution (a "typical" value that best describes the univariate data). Among the most important measures of location are the mean, the mode, the median, and the trimmed mean. One particular aspect of these measures of location is the susceptibility to deviations from normality ("robustness"). While the median is rather robust, the mode tends to jump, especially if there are only a few data points available.

The program MSLOCATION allows to experiment with the robustness of the four common measures of location. You can shift data points an look how the calculated measures of location change.

  • Platform: WinOther

If we know the molecular weight of a substance we implicitely know the atomic composition of that substance - provided that the molecular weight is known to an accuracy which is sufficient to distinguish between molecules having the same nominal mass.

To explain this, let's have a look at a very simple example: suppose we know that our substance has a molecular weight of 28. A quick calculation (considering only the nominal masses of the most abundant isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - 12, 1, 16, and 14, respectively) shows that there are three substances which all have the same molecular mass of 28: C2H4 (ethene), CO (carbon monoxide) and N2 (nitrogen gas).

  • Platform: WinOther

In chromatography a common problem is the correct quantification of overlapping peaks. Given that the two peaks are both at the baseline of the chromatogram, the separation of the two peaks (and the subsequent quantification) is performed by selecting the minimum between the two peaks as the separation line. While this approach is quite reliable if the peaks have the same height, it becomes more and more prone to considerable errors if the heights of the two peaks do not match (which is the common case).

This program simulates the quantification error made when dealing with chromatographics peaks of unequal height. The user may experiment with different peak positions, heights and peak widths.

  • Platform: WinOther

The correlation coefficient is one of the commonly used statistical measures. Despite its frequent use, the fact that the correlation coefficient shows a broad distribution if too few observations are used is not well-known.

This problem becomes worst when using only three or four observations for calculating the correlation. For example, if the actual correlation is zero, the correlation coefficient is distributed uniformly if only four observations are used (which means that the calculated correlation coefficient may in fact be any value between -1 and +1 with equal chances of occurrence).

  • Platform: WinOther

SDL Knowledgease is a collection of programming topics designed to provide you with quick answers. The pack is easy to use and supports Borlands Delphi, Kylix and C++Builder.

You can save time by searching this general database before reading forum posts or news groups messages. It currently contains about 4800 articles about programming topics.


  • Platform: WinOther

The magnetic sector field is - among other principles such as electric quadrupole fields, or flight time measurements - one of the most often used principles for commerical mass spectrometers. The principle is easy to understand: a beam of accelerated ions is directed into a magnetic field whose orientation is perpenticular to the beam. The magnetic field thus forces the charged particles on different circular trajectories, whose radii depend on the strength of the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, and on the mass of the particular ion.

Keeping all but the magnetic field constant results in a separation of the ions according to their mass. Since the detector has a narrow entry split, it "sees" only a small fraction of the entire ion beam fan, i.e. those ions which travel along the circular trajectory connecting both...

  • Platform: WinOther

A vector field is a field which associates a vector to every point in the field space. Vector fields are often used in physics to model observations which include a direction for each point of the observed space. Examples are movement of a fluid, or the force generated by a magnetic of gravitational field, or athmospheric models, where both the strength (speed) and the direction of winds are recorded.

The effect of vector fields can be easily calculated by applying difference equations to all points of the observed space. Thus the state of each point of the space R at the time T+1 is calculated by applying the difference equation to each point at the time T. For example, using the two equations xt+1 = xt - yt and yt+1 = yt + xt will result in a rotation of the points in a two-dimensional space. Another transformation which...

  • Platform: WinOther
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